The Art of Camellia Grafting. Example 1.
Yuri Panchul, 2009.

Suppose you have a camellia you don’t like.
For example I don’t like this specimen for three reasons:

1. I think it is mislabeled. I bought it as “Camellia vietnamensis” but a real C. vietnamensis is supposed to be a member of Paracamellia/Oleifera section of the genus and this particular specimen has nothing to do with any member of this section I know.
2. It does not tolerate any sun. Full shade only.
3. It did not bloom in my garden.

At the same time this specimen has a good root system, so it can be used as understock for grafting.

The plant I decided to propagate using grafting is Camellia x hiemalis ‘Dwarf Shishi’. This is a relatively rare miniature sasanqua originated by Toichi Domoto (1883-1992), a Japanese American nurseryman who lived in California:

This is a picture of Toichi Domoto from his high school album in Alameda county:

March 14, 2009

So let’s prepare the instruments:

Before grafting the soil in the container should not be too dry, but nevertheless on the dry side – overwatering is likely to cause the scion to fail because of rot. Water it one week in advance and let it dry a little bit.

Cut the rootstock:

Prepare the rootstock. It is a nice idea to wear latex gloves to avoid contaminating the graft union, but I did not do it with this plant:

Cut for a classic cleft graft with two scions:

Insert a screwdriver:

Cut the scions:

Prepare each scion:

Insert the scions, carefully remove the screwdriver and cover everything with a rooting hormone powder.
Actually, the hormone itself is probably irrelevant for the grafting success, but the powder contains fungicide and this fungicide helps to prevent rot.

Here is how to make a cut for another method of grafting – a so called bark grafting:

The scion for the bark grafting is prepared in a way similar to cleft grafting, but it is inserted between the bark and the wood:

Let’s do it again on another branch:

Note how the scion’s cambium should be aligned for the maximum contact with the rootstock’s cambium:

Let’s prepare a wire cage, enclose everything tightly with a plastic bag (I am using standard garbage bags), put the whole thing in a full shade (otherwise the sun will fry it under the plastic) and forget about it for three months:

July 4, 2009

Success. I was slowly preparing this specimen for the life outside the plastic bag by making a small hole in it and slowly increasing the hole during two weeks. You can do it once you notice a burst of growth from the scion’s buds. It is important not to do this too early (it may dry up and die) or too late (it may rot and die):

Note the new leaves do not look healthy – they grew up in shade inside the air-tight enclosure:

July 29, 2009

After 3 weeks the plant looks much healthier and has a lot of new growth:

August 8, 2009

Now we have a nice plant of Dwarf Shishi. I am going to prune it next year to improve its shape:

When I made this picture I put the plant on concrete surface. But you should not keep it on concrete surface for a long time because the concrete produces a lot of heat load and camellias do not like it:

The End

Toichi Domoto

A Japanese-American nurseryman’s life in California: floriculture and family, 1883-1992

With Introductions by Julius Nuccio and Ernest Wertheim
Interviews Conducted by Suzanne B. Riess in 1992

The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley

http://tinyurl.com/4ohuw6
Copy at http://sazanka.org/pages/toichi_domoto

This sasanqua cultivar, ‘Dwarf Shishi’, was originated by Toichi Domoto in 1988:

It is excellent for bonsai.

Also I found a very likely photo pictures of Toichi Domoto (need to check with Tom Nuccio) on http://tinyurl.com/4795g8. I am almost sure this is the same one (born 1902, high school in East Bay):

Another mention (click to enlarge):

This is probably his sister (click to enlarge):

Camellia sasanqua ‘Nodami Ushiro’. Introduced by Domoto Nursery, California, 1934, but is originally from Japan. Stirling Macoboy believes that the name means “a backward glance” in Japanese, but he is probably incorrect. Since I cannot find this name in Japanese sources and my Japanese wife tells me that Japanese people are not likely to name a flower this way (“mi” meaning “body”), I guess that the original name was different. From browsing the history of Toichi Domoto I got an impression that he did not know Kanji well because he was a second-generation Japanese-American. Because of it, Toichi Domoto probably made a naming mistake when he imported it.

It is difficult to explain what is so special about ‘Nodami Ushiro’. It is a single pink camellia with a lot of single pink competitors – ‘Plantation Pink’, ‘Cleopatra’, ‘Tanya’ and others. However Jennifer Trehane in her camellia book calls ‘Nodami Ushiro’ “a subtle, sophisticated camellia”. Where does this sophistication come from? I have an explanation.

I noticed ‘Nodami Ushiro’ when I was walking across Nuccio’s nursery in Southern California. The first thought was “A-ha! It is a Higo-like sasanqua”. Higo camellias are japonicas originated by samurai clan Kumamoto¹. They are single asymmetrical somewhat triangular flowers with a cloud of golden stamens. Their simplicity and slight irregularity create a feeling of delicate harmony. I got the same feeling from ‘Nodami Ushiro’ and this feeling was very real, especially if you take into account the fact that I noticed this flower among thousands of other flowers.

‘Nodami Ushiro’ flowers are large (up to 90 mm), single or sometimes semi-double, with 20 mm yellow stamens. Many flowers look bubbly and frequently irregular in shape. Trehane wrote that the petals have “wavy, sometimes notched edges”. Macoboy stated that ‘Nodami Ushiro’ blooms during the early season, while Trehane believes it is mid-season. This year (2008) in my garden ‘Nodami Ushiro’ started to bloom on September 16 (early season) but last year (2007) mass blooming occurred during November (mid-late season).

Leaves are large, up to 40×70 mm.

I like this flower the most on a small container plant. However the main ‘Nodami Ushiro’ plant in my garden is large and very spreading. According to Macoboy, “the shrub is compact in size, but vigorous in growth so it may be readily pruned to whatever shape you choose”. But Trehane is saying “forming a tall, upright bush”. I believe the habit of this shrub is not “compact” and not “upright”. Looks like all three of us (Macoboy, Trehane and me) had different garden environments and applied different pruning. One thing is for sure – the plant is fast-growing and flexible.

¹ In addition to Higo japonicas there are Higo sasanquas, but they are very different from Higo japonicas and people outside Japan usually do not call them Higo camellias. ‘Nodami Ushiro’ is not one of them. When I say “a Higo-like sasanqua”, I mean “a sasanqua that has a feeling of Higo japonica”.

↑ Dwarf Shishi. A seedling of ‘Shishigashira’. Originated by Toichi Domoto, California in 1988.

↑ Dwarf Shishi. A seedling of ‘Shishigashira’. Originated by Toichi Domoto, California in 1988.

↑ Jewel Box

↑ Jewel Box

↑ Twinkle, Twinkle. Originated by Nuccio’s Nurseries, California.

↑ Sasanqua Compacta. Very short leaf internodes. From Nuccio’s Nurseries, California.

↑ Sasanqua Compacta. Very short leaf internodes. From Nuccio’s Nurseries, California.

↑ Slim’N'Trim. Originated by Nuccio’s Nurseries, California.

↑ Slim’N'Trim. Originated by Nuccio’s Nurseries, California.

↑ Starry Pillar (N#9820). A chance seedling, might be a sasanqua-tenuiflora hybrid. Columnar habit. Originated by Nuccio’s Nurseries.

↑ Starry Pillar (N#9820). A chance seedling, might be a sasanqua-tenuiflora hybrid. Columnar habit. Originated by Nuccio’s Nurseries.

↑ Tanya. Introduced by Coolidge Rare Plants, east Pasadena, California in 1937. Produced from a seed imported from Japan in 1927.

↑ Tanya. Introduced by Coolidge Rare Plants, east Pasadena, California in 1937. Produced from a seed imported from Japan in 1927.

A couple of week ago I got a call from journalist Lili Singer, who needed some information about Camellia sasanqua for her article in Los Angeles Times. Today this article was published. You can see my sasanqua cultivar recommendations in the article.

Dwarf Shishi. A seedling of ‘Shishigashira’. Originated by Toichi Domoto, California in 1988.

You can get the article from LA Times archive: http://tinyurl.com/64cyo7

THE CALIFORNIA GARDEN

This beauty shows its colors early

It’s not camellias as usual with sasanquas. They bask in the Southern California sun and bloom in the fall, and they ask for so little in return.

By Lili Singer
Special to The Times

November 30, 2006

ON warm autumn days, a fragrance rises from the sunlit crescent of ‘Dwarf Shishigashira’ camellias in Melinda and Allan Siegel’s backyard. The earthy scent is unusual — similar to tea — and it’s subtle, Allan says, just like the season.

Nothing subtle about the flowers, though: Bright rose-pink blooms cascade across the Siegels’ sunny Los Angeles garden.

Wait, you say. A winter-blossoming, shade-loving plant like the camellia flowering in the fall? And in the sun?

Absolutely. These early bloomers are sasanqua camellias, also known as the “sun camellias.”

“Most people don’t realize that they’re camellias,” says Elsie Bracci, a revered camellia devotee who, with husband Sergio, maintains a vast collection with 15 types of sasanqua in their San Gabriel garden. Few plants, the Braccis say, give so much yet ask for so little.

All this group of camellias wants is a good tan. The craving for sun, even inland, is partly what distinguishes sasanquas — the collective term for cultivars of Camellia sasanqua, C. xhiemalis and C. xvernalis — from the common cultivars of C. japonica and C. reticulata.

“Less than half a day of sun, and they won’t flower,” says Julius Nuccio, one of three family members operating Altadena-based Nuccio’s Nurseries, among the world’s premiere camellia growers.

Sasanquas do well with or without regular irrigation, and they live a remarkably long time. David Parks, owner of the Camellia Forest Nursery in Chapel Hill, N.C., says specimens have lasted 500 years in the right conditions.

Cultivars with lyrical names such as ‘Mine-No-Yuki’ (which translates to ‘White Doves’) and ‘Hana Jiman’ (‘Boastful Flower’) include low spreaders, compact uprights and small willowy trees. All have neat evergreen foliage and amazing pest resistance. Ask the Braccis what they love most, and the couple responds in unison: “No petal blight!” The fungus, which makes other kinds of camellia blossoms turn a sickly brown, has no effect on sasanquas. Flowers also arrive early — and in abundance.

“Sasanquas put on a massive show, then drop their petals for a carpet of white or pink snow,” says David MacLaren, curator of the camellia collection at the Huntington Botanical Gardens in San Marino.

AS enchanting as this scene can be, sasanquas have hardly been a garden staple, here or elsewhere. Though long-valued for oil-rich seeds and hardwood, the plants have fallen in and out of favor with gardeners since 14th century Japan.

The first sasanquas hit Europe in 1869, but most were lost to frost. By the early 1900s, sasanquas were being planted in the southern United States. Given the choice, however, most gardeners and garden show contestants eschewed delicate-looking sasanquas in favor of large-leafed C. japonica and C. reticulata, whose stately blossoms don’t fall apart when cut.

Tastes change, and these days, small and simple are in. Many gardeners want plants that are easy to grow, work in small spaces or simply look different, and sasanquas fit the bill.

“Look at the blotches on this flower,” Elsie Bracci says excitedly, pointing to cloud-white spots on the reddish petals of her favorite sasanqua, ‘Shibori Egao,’ whose name translates roughly to ‘Variegated Smiling Face.’

The ‘Shishigashira’ by the Braccis’ front door is larger than the Siegels’ dwarf cultivar but still a compact marvel, with scores of 2 1/2 -inch-wide flowers, each one a ruffled, rosy pink mane for a cultivar whose name means ‘Lion’s Head.’ The slow-growing bush has taken 12 years to rise to 5 feet.

Similarly, the Siegels’ snail-paced groundcover of ‘Dwarf Shishigashira’ is only 18 inches from front to back after seven years.

“Man, is it slow!” says Marie Gamboa, the Garden Pacific designer who planted the Siegels’ backyard. She backed the ‘Dwarf Shishis,’ as they are often called, with a row of the faster-growing ‘Cleopatra,’ a paler pink sasanqua with stamens that look like long gold eyelashes.

Over at the Bracci home, Elsie’s husband Sergio just pruned the ‘Shibori Egao’ with a chain saw — again — to keep its whip-like branches under their roofline. Whether a sprinter or a slow grower, all sasanquas want to be trees, says Yuri Panchul, a camellia enthusiast who is assembling what he hopes will be a definitive collection of sasanquas at his home in Sunnyvale, near San Jose.

In time, he says, sasanquas can reach 15 to 20 feet. Some are just pokier and more compressed than others.

IN its native habitat, the subtropical forests of southwest Japan, Camellia sasanqua is a variable species that breeds readily with other genetically compatible camellias. Offspring may be horizontal or vertical, compact or open.

Wild sasanqua flowers are typically single and white, sometimes with a blush like plum blossoms — thus the Japanese name sazanka, or “plum-flowered tea.”

During centuries of cultivation, more than 200 types of sasanquas have emerged. Flowers with few petals, flowers with many petals. Cupped like a rose, flat as a daisy. Luminous white, soft pink, the occasional red.

The breeding process is lovingly slow. The progression from seed to flower may take about five years, horticulturists say — “sometimes 14 or 20,” according to Panchul. Only one in 1,000 seedlings will yield qualities distinctive enough to be selected, named, registered and brought to the public.

Even so, many Southern Californians have been growing sasanquas in their gardens for years. They just didn’t know it. Sasanqua seedlings are used for grafting — as root-rot-resistant understock for cuttings of other camellias, says the Huntington’s MacLaren. That Camellia japonica in your garden just may owe its stellar performance to a Camellia sasanqua in an uncredited role.

This time of year, they’re also a reminder of the season’s delicate beauty. In the daytime, gentle bees and the occasional hummingbird hover over the pollen-rich flowers, searching for autumn in a teacup. By nightfall, in the quiet moonlight, you can almost hear the petals drop.

home@latimes.com

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(INFOBOX BELOW)

View it, buy it, plant it

Interested in sasanqua camellias? Some ways to learn more:

Seeing: Two of the world’s best camellia gardens are in Southern California.

The Huntington Botanical Gardens in San Marino has Sasanqua Hillside plus plantings in and around the Japanese garden. Look for ‘Shishigashira’ near the giant bamboo Bambusa oldhamii as well as the ‘Dwarf Shishigashira’ on the opposite side of the road, planted near mondo grass. Information: (626) 405-2100, http://www.huntington.org .

At Descanso Gardens in La Cañada Flintridge, more than 50 types of sasanquas await beneath oaks in the Camellia forest and in the Japanese garden. Information: (818) 949-4200, http://www.descansogardens.org .

Buying: Nuccio’s Nurseries is a world-renowned specialist in camellias and azaleas. Its catalog lists about 40 sasanqua cultivars. 3555 Chaney Trail, Altadena; (626) 794-3383; http://www.nucciosnurseries.com .

Planting: Plant or move sasanquas in autumn or winter, while they’re dormant. They do best in sunny spots with well-drained soil — no standing water.

Caring: Once established, plants can get by with regular or infrequent irrigation.

Some growers recommend feeding, in the spring through August. Nuccio’s recommends applying cottonseed meal in April, when new leaves appear; in June; and in August, when buds are starting to set. If desired, prune in spring for size or shape. On low, spreading varieties, prune upright branches.

Learning more: Though slightly dated, “The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Camellias” by Stirling Macoboy includes more than 100 sasanquas, all with excellent color photos. Another reference: http://www.sazanka.org , the website of amateur grower and hybridizer Yuri Panchul.

— Lili Singer

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Standouts to show off

Fewer than 50 types of sasanqua camellias are grown for the nursery trade. ‘Jean May,’ a popular variety with cupped pink flowers, “is very nice,” sasanqua devotee Yuri Panchul says, “but others are good too.” In no particular order, 10 cultivars that Panchul says are unusual and overlooked:

‘Stars ‘n Stripes’: The first striped sasanqua. Blooms profusely. Nice round, shrubby shape.

‘Dwarf Shishigashira’: Almost horizontal. Very slow-growing.

‘Choji Guruma’: The only anemone-form sasanqua. Fast grower, upright.

‘Little Pearl’: Also recommended by Nuccio’s Nurseries. Pink opening to white.

‘Twinkle Twinkle’: Dwarf with little star-shaped flowers. Good in containers.

‘Yume’: A new hybrid. Unusual color (pink to white) and large, profuse flowers.

‘Egao’ group: Ancient natural hybrids. Large flowers.

‘Narumigata’: Large, flat, white flowers with cupped pink edges. Extremely fast grower — “totally insane,” Panchul says — with branches growing as much as 3 feet in one year.

‘Slim ‘n Trim’: Small leaf, vertical habit. Can be shaped like a small Italian cypress. Flat pink flowers.

‘Baby Jane’: Dwarf. Hybridized for bonsai. Grows only a few inches a year.

— Lili Singer